DBX(1-B) USER COMMANDS DBX(1-B)
NAME
dbx -- symbolic debugger
SYNOPSIS
dbx [-r] [-i] [-I dir] [-c command file] objfile [coredump]
DESCRIPTION
The dbx command symbolically debugs a user-created program.
objfile is an object file into which symbolic information
was added by specifying a special flag (usually -g) at com-
pilation.
Currently, cc(1), CC(1), f77(1), f77sx(1) and f90(1) create
symbolic information. Additionally, dbx provides a machine
level debugging function which specifies a program instruc-
tion address or data address. This function does not depend
on the programming language.
If a file whose name is 'core' exists in the current direc-
tory during dbx execution or argument coredump is specified,
dbx can check the status in which the program abnormally
terminates.
If the current directory includes a .dbxinit file, dbx exe-
cutes a debug command in this file at activation. dbx
searches the current directory and the home directory in
this order for a .dbxinit file.
Command Line Options
The command line options and their meanings are as follows.
-r Executes objfile immediately. When the program
normally terminates, dbx terminates. When the
program abnormally terminates, the abnormal termi-
nation is reported and the debug session is
entered. If -r is specified and the standard
input is not a terminal, dbx requests an input to
/dev/tty.
-i Handles a terminal as the standard input.
-I dir Adds the directory specified in dir to the direc-
tory list used for source file searching. In gen-
eral, the current directory and a directory
including objfile are searched for the source
file. The directory search path can also be set
by the use command during debugging.
-c command file
Reads a debug command from command file and exe-
cutes it. If this option is specified, .dbxinit
is not executed.
Trace and Execution Commands
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run [args] [< filename] [> filename]
Start executing objfile. args is passed to objfile as
the arguments. By using '<' or '>', the standard input
and output of objfile can be redirected to a file at
execution. If no argument is specified in run, an argu-
ment specified in the previous run command is passed.
trace [in procedure/function] [if condition]
trace source-line-number [if condition]
trace procedure/function [in procedure/function] [if condi-
tion]
trace expression at source-line-number [if condition]
trace variable [in procedure/function] [if condition]
Trace execution of objfile and display trace informa-
tion. When the trace command is entered, a number
(numeric value) is given for the command. This number
is also used to release the command. (See the delete
command.)
The first argument specifies the object to be traced.
If a source-line-number is specified, source line is
displayed before the source line is executed. If the
source line number to be specified is in the current
file, only the line number can be specified. If the
source line number to be specified is outside the cur-
rent file, the file name is enclosed with double quota-
tion marks (" ") and the line number linked with colon
(:) must be specified (e.g. "sample.f":17).
If a procedure/function is specified for tracing, a
routine name and a source line number are displayed
every time the routine is called. The parameter values
are also displayed. Additionally, termination of execu-
tion of the procedure/function to be traced is also
displayed. The return value of the function is also
displayed.
If the expression is evaluate, its value is displayed
whenever it is updated during execution of objfile. In
this specification, execution of objfile is very slow.
If an argument is specified in procedure/function,
trace information is displayed while the specified pro-
cedure/function is being executed (including execution
of a routine called from it). If the argument 'if con-
dition' is specified, the logical expression condition
is evaluated before trace information is displayed. If
the result is true, trace information is displayed.
stop if condition
stop at source-line-number [if condition]
stop in procedure/function [if condition]
stop variable [if condition]
Sets a breakpoint. Stops execution when the given line
is reached. When a source-line-number is specified, and
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execution reaches the specified source line, execution
of objfile stops. If a procedure/function is specified,
execution of objfile stops whenever it may be called.
If a variable is specified, execution of objfile stops
whenever the contents of the specified variable may be
updated.
If the argument 'if condition' is specified, the logi-
cal expression condition is evaluated before execution
of objfile stops. If the result is true, execution of
objfile stops.
status [> filename]
Displays the content of the command set by the trace or
stop commands.
delete command-number ...
delete all
Releases the trace or stop command and invalidates the
command to which the number is given. The number
assigned to the trace or stop command is displayed by
the status command. If all is specified, releases all
settings.
clear [source-line-number]
clear [procedure/function]
Releases all breakpoints/tracepoints of source-line-
number or procedure/function. When omitting an argu-
ment, it releases all breakpoints and tracepoints at
the current stopping place.
catch [signal [signal ...]]
ignore [signal [signal ...]]
Sets or releases a trap for a signal sent to a program.
Execution of a program stops before the signal speci-
fied by the catch command is sent to the program. The
ignore command releases the trap. This function enables
easy debugging of a program which handles a signal such
as an interrupt. A signal can be specified without pre-
fix SIG (e.g. SIGINT --> INT). dbx sets traps for sig-
nals except SIGHUP, SIGKILL, SIGALRM, SIGCHLD(SIGCLD),
SIGTSTP, SIGCONT, SIGKCHKP, SIGKRSTA, SIGTASK and SIG-
CORE.
cont [signal]
cont [signal] at source-line-number
cont [signal] in procedure/function
Restarts execution from the location in which execution
currently stops. If a signal is specified in the first
argument, the specified signal is sent to the program
when execution restarts. A signal name and a number can
be specified in signal.
If 'at source-line-number' or 'in procedure/function'
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is specified, execution of the program stops when con-
trol passes to the specified source-line-number or the
specified procedure/function call. This setting
restarts execution as the temporary breakpoint.
step [count]
next [count]
Executes one line of the source program. If the cur-
rent source line is the procedure/function call, there
are differences between the step command and the next
command.
The step command stops execution at the beginning of
the procedure/function to be called. The next command
executes the called procedure/function. Then, it stops
execution at the location to which control passes.
It executes steps specified by count.
return [procedure/function]
Restarts execution as far as the location where the
procedure/function specified in procedure/function is
returned. If an argument is omitted, the current proce-
dure/function is assumed.
call procedure/function([parameter])
Executes the procedure/function specified in argument
procedure/function independently of execution of the
program. This function is valid when a proce-
dure/function is singly tested during program develop-
ment.
Display of Variables and Expressions
dbx searches for the symbol specified in a command in the
following order. First, dbx checks whether the symbol is
included in an active function in the stack. If the symbol
is not included in the active function, dbx searches all
files that construct the object program for the symbol. If
the symbol cannot be found using both methods, the following
message is displayed:
"symbol" is not defined
To specify a symbol explicitly without symbol identification
by dbx, symbol is qualified with the procedure/function or a
file name (a module name). For example,
module.function.symbol
To qualify a symbol with a file name (a module name), a file
name whose suffix was deleted (.c in C and .f, .f90 in FOR-
TRAN) is specified as the module name.
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An expression can be specified in the same syntax as that in
C. In indirect specification, an asterisk (*) is used at the
beginning or the hat (^) at the end. An array subscript is
enclosed with brackets ([ ]). A period (.) is used in a
field reference. The period can be used for both the field
and the pointer. The C pointer operator (->) can also be
used.
The specified expression is checked with its type. However,
if the type of an expression is specified as the following
expression, the expression is not checked.
type-name(expression)
The representation of &type-name is set as the pointer to
the specified type. The representation $$tag-name is set as
the pointer to the specified the structure tag of C.
When the contents of array data is referenced, the contents
of all elements are displayed unless an element number is
specified in a symbol.
The format for specifying element numbers is as follows:
FORTRAN: variable [element-number, element-number ...]
C: variable [element-number][element-number] ...
Start-element-number:end-element-number can be specified
([0:2],[:3],[3:]).
To reference a variable address, an ampersand (&) is speci-
fied before a symbol. For example,
(dbx) print &symbol
In this example, not the symbol content but the symbol
address is referenced.
assign variable = expression
assign register = expression
assign variable1 => variable2
Assign the value of the expression specified in argu-
ment expression to the variable specified in argument
variable or the register specified in argument regis-
ter.
Assign the value of the Fortran90 pointer data or vari-
able of TARGET attribute specified in argument vari-
able2 to the Fortran90 pointer data specified in argu-
ment variable1.
dump [procedure/function] [> filename]
dump . [> filename]
Displays names and values of all variables in the pro-
cedure/function specified in argument
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procedure/function.
If argument procedure/function is omitted, the current
procedure/function is assumed.
If a period(.) is specified instead of proce-
dure/function, name and values of variables of all pro-
cedure/function in the stack are displayed.
print variable [,variable ...]
print expression [, expression ...]
Displays the values of the variable specified in the
argument variable. Evaluates the expression specified
in argument expression and displays the value.
display [variable [,variable] ...]
display [expression [,expression] ...]
Displays the value of the variable specified in argu-
ment variable whenever execution stops. Evaluates the
expression specified in argument expression every time
execution is stopped and displays the value of the
result. When you omit an argument, it displays the
list of the currently active variable or expression and
the display number.
undisplay variable [,variable] ...
undisplay expression [,expression] ...
Stops the display of the value of variable and expres-
sion which was set by the display command. If expres-
sion is a constant, undisplay uses the display number
that is displayed by the display command with no argu-
ment.
nullify variable
To be disassociated Fortran90 pointer data specified in
argument variable, however, data other than Fortran90
pointer data cannot be specified.
whatis name
Displays the type declaration of the variable specified
in argument name.
show [arg]
Displays lists of the symbol names.
arg The argument that defines the kind of symbols to
show. The available argument are as follows:
vars
Local variables within the current func-
tion(default).
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globals
Global variables.
commons
Names of common blocks that the module refer-
nces.
lines
Line numbers in the module.
which symbol
Displays the fully qualified name of the symbol speci-
fied in argument symbol. This is used when symbol is
specified in the dbx command. Then, a proce-
dure/function or a module to which symbol belongs can
be identified.
up [count]
down [count]
Moves the current procedure/function from the stack
level where execution stops.
The up command is used to move the current proce-
dure/function toward what calls it by the number speci-
fied in count.
The down command is used to move the current proce-
dure/function toward what calls it by the number speci-
fied in count.
If argument count is omitted, 1 is assumed.
where [count]
Displays the list of the procedure/function in the
stack where execution stops. Procedure/function is dis-
played sequentially from the top of the stack.
whereis symbol
Displays all symbols in the program which are the same
as the symbol specified in symbol in full qualifica-
tion. The order of the displayed symbol has no mean-
ing. It makes it easy to know the fully qualified name
of a symbol and the location where the symbol was
defined.
Accessing a Source File
/regular expression[/]
?regular expression[?]
Searches the current source file for the pattern speci-
fied in regular expression in the specified direction
and displays the source line first found. A slash (/)
indicates a downward search, and a question mark (?)
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indicates an upward search.
edit [filename]
edit procedure/function
Invokes an editor by using the file name specified in
filename. If a procedure/function is specified instead
of the file name, the editor is invoked by using the
file including the specified procedure/function. If an
argument is omitted, the editor is invoked by using the
current source file. The editor which is invoked by the
specified file is vi(1). To change the editor, specify
the desired editor in the environment variable EDITOR.
file [filename]
Sets the source file specified in filename to the cur-
rent file. If the argument is omitted, the name of the
current file is displayed.
func [procedure/function]
Sets the procedure/function specified in proce-
dure/function to the current procedure/function.
If the argument is omitted, the current proce-
dure/function is displayed. If the current proce-
dure/function is changed, the source file including the
changed procedure/function is set to the current file.
list [source-line-number [, source-line-number]]
list source-line-number/[count]
list procedure/function
Displays the source line of the current file. To dis-
play from a specific line number to a specific line
number, the line numbers separated by a comma (,) can
be specified. To display two or more lines starting at
a specific line number, the number of lines can be
specified in /count following the line number at which
display starts. If procedure/function is specified, 10
lines around the beginning of the procedure/function
are displayed.
If the list command without arguments is specified, 10
lines are displayed as the default value starting at
the line just after the current line. The number of
lines to be displayed can be changed by setting a value
to the special debugger variable $listwindow.
use [directory-list]
Changes the directory search pass for a source file
search to the directory specified in directory-list.
If the argument is omitted, the current directory
search pass is displayed.
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DBX(1-B) USER COMMANDS DBX(1-B)
Setting Aliases and Variables
alias name name
alias name "string"
alias name (parameters) "string"
If a command is entered, dbx first checks whether the
input is a command, or a word defined as an alias of a
character string. If the word is defined as an alias,
it is replaced to the corresponding character string.
For example, to define "rr" as the alias of the
"return" command, specify as follows:
alias rr return
To define "b" as the stop command which specifies the
source line, specify as follows.
alias b(x) "stop at x"
As a result, "b (12)" is extended to "stop at 12".
If the alias command without arguments is entered, all
defined alias names are displayed.
unalias name
Invalidates the definition of the alias name specified
in argument name.
set name [= expression]
set Defines the debugger variable specified in argument
name. A value can be specified in the debugger vari-
able. The debugger variable whose name is the same as
the variable name in the program being debugged cannot
be defined.
If the defined debugger variable is used in another dbx
command, it is expanded to the corresponding expres-
sion. If the set command without arguments is entered,
the defined debugger variable is displayed.
The following debugger variables have special meanings.
(They are called special debugger variables.)
$frame
Holds the stack start address of the current pro-
cedure/function. It can be referenced by the print
command. It is set before activating dbx.
$hexchars
Displays a character in hexadecimal.
$hexints
Displays an integer in hexadecimal.
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$decout
Displays values of a pointer and a register in
decimal.
$hexoffsets
Displays a register offset of machine instruction
in hexadecimal.
$hexstrings
Displays a character string indicated by a charac-
ter in hexadecimal.
$advanceoff
Turns off the advancing control of CPU. When the
advancing control is off, ICC of program abortion
is pointed very near to the failed instruction.
$euc Displays char, char *, unsigned char, unsigned
char * as the character or the character string of
the EUC code set. $euc depends on the locale
environment. The default is defined when environ-
ment variable LANG is japan.
$widechar
Displays wchar_t(long/int), wchar_t *(long */int
*) as the wide character literal or the wide char-
acter string literal. In the initial condition,
it isn't defined.
$printwide
Displays many elements of the array in 1 line as
much as possible. It functions only with the FOR-
TRAN program.
$int64
The int64 mode program can be debugged. Since dbx
automatically defines this variable when it rec-
ognizes the program, the user doesn't need to per-
form this function. If $int64 is defined, dbx can
handle int/long, the size of which is 64 bits.
dbx removes the prefix "_int64_" when displaying
the symbol and adds the prefix when searching the
symbol.
$prettyprint
Displays structure in an indented format with one
member per line. The default is defined.
$unionprint
Displays the contents of union. The default is
defined.
$casesense
If $casesense is defined, both uppercase and
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lowercase symbols can be specified.
$printinput
Outputs the prompt string and the entered command
to stdout.
The previous debugger variables are set by the set com-
mand with no parameter specified.
$unsafecall
$unsafeassign
If "$unsafecall" is defined, the type of the argu-
ment is not checked at a procedure/function call
by the call command.
If "$unsafeassign" is defined, the type of both
sides of the assign command are not checked.
These variables place restrictions on error detection
of the dbx command.
$listwindow
A value set to this variable is used as the number
of lines to be displayed by the list command with-
out arguments. The default value for the number of
lines to be displayed is 10.
$floatmode
Indicate the floating-point data format handled by
dbx (SX-4 only).
0 :The floating-point data is float0 format.
1 :The floating-point data is float1 format.
2 :The floating-point data is float2 format.
dbx determines the floating-point data format at
in the following sequence at its activation, and
set a value automatically in $floatmode.
In general, if it can not determines the floating-
point data format by compiling an object program,
determines the format by referencing the environ-
ment value FLMOD. If it can not determines the
format by referencing FLMOD, assumes the float0
format.
$maxstrlen
Sets maximum displaying string length in C. The
default value is 1024.
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DBX(1-B) USER COMMANDS DBX(1-B)
$lines
The value of this variable is used to set the num-
ber of lines on a screen. When the number of
lines displayed by a command are over the value of
$lines, dbx asks user, whether to continue dis-
playing or not. If $lines is not set, or $lines
is set to a value of 2 or less, dbx ignores the
$lines variable. The default value is the con-
tents of the environment variable LINES. When
LINES is not set, the value of $lines is set from
terminfo. If the value is not set in terminfo,
then $lines is set to 23. This value is updated
automatically when the window size is changed on
the terminal emulator, such as Xterm.
$columns
The value of this variable is used to set the num-
ber of columns on a screen. If $columns is not
set, or $columns is set to a value of 0 or less,
dbx assumes that 1 line to the starting new line.
The default value is the contents of the environ-
ment variable COLUMNS. When COLUMNS is not set,
the value of $columns is set from terminfo. If
the value is not set in terminfo, then $columns is
not set. This value is updated automatically when
the window size is changed on the terminal emula-
tor, such as Xterm.
$dim1 - $dim7
The values of these variables mean maximum number
of elements in arrays which are displayed. $dim1
is first dimension, $dim2 is second, and so on. It
is possible to specify till seventh dimension. If
the value is not set or the value is set except 1
to 16777216, then dbx does not limit to display
them.
unset name
Invalidates the definition of the debugger variable
specified in argument name.
Machine Level Debugging Commands
tracei [address] [if condition]
tracei [variable [at address]] [if condition]
stopi if condition
stopi at address [if condition]
stopi address [if condition]
The functions of the tracei and stopi commands are the
same as those of the trace and stop commands. The loca-
tion where execution is to be traced or stopped is
specified with addresses.
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DBX(1-B) USER COMMANDS DBX(1-B)
stepi [count]
nexti [count]
The functions of the stepi and nexti commands are the
same as those of the step and next commands. A program
is executed not by the source step but by the instruc-
tion. It executes instructions specified by count.
cleari [address]
Releases all breakpoints/tracepoints of address. When
you omit an argument, it releases all breakpoints and
tracepoints at the current stopping place.
address1,address2/[mode]
address/[count] [mode]
Displays the contents of the specified memory. To ref-
erence the contents of the memory between specific
addresses, address1 which starts reference and address2
which ends reference can be specified by separating
with a comma (,). The display format can be specified
in mode. If the display format is omitted, the specifi-
cation of the previous input mode is assumed. The ini-
tial display format of mode set by dbx is X.
Additionally, the contents of the memory can be refer-
enced by the number specified in count from a specific
address in the display format specified in mode.
The following mode types are supported for the display
format.
i Displays in the disassembled format
d Displays in decimal by the 2-byte unit
D Displays in decimal by the 4-byte unit
DD Displays in decimal by the 8-byte unit
o Displays in octal by the 2-byte unit
O Displays in octal by the 4-byte unit
OO Displays in octal by the 8-byte unit
x Displays in hexadecimal by the 2-byte unit
X Displays in hexadecimal by the 4-byte unit
XX Displays in hexadecimal by the 8-byte unit
b Displays in octal by the byte
c Displays in character by the byte
s Displays in the character string format which ends
with a null byte
f Displays in the floating-point constant format
g Displays in the double-precision floating-point
constant format
q Displays in the quadruple-precision floating-point
constant format
An address can be specified by an expression. The oper-
ators to be used are +, -, and indirect *.
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DBX(1-B) USER COMMANDS DBX(1-B)
Specifying a Register
A register is specified with a register name preceded by a
dollar mark ($) (e.g. $s1, $s2 ...). A register can be spec-
ified instead of a variable name. Register specifications
are as follows.
$icc, $pc Instruction counter
$ice Interrupt caused icc
$sN (N:0...127) Scalar register
$vN (N:0...7) Vector arithmetic register
$vdN (N:0...255) Vector data register
$vc Vector control register
$vmN (N:0...15) Vector mask register
$vl Vector length register
$psw Process status word
$ipr Interrupt cause
$ex Execution counter
The following registers are defined as registers with spe-
cial meanings.
$slp Register holding the stack limit pointer
$sfp Register holding the stack frame pointer
$sp Register holding the stack pointer
$ap Register holding the pointer to the argu-
ment/parameter list
$lcp Register holding the linkage section pointer
The method of the range specification is as follows.
$register-name[m:l]
m and l are decimal integers (m<l). A vari-
able can also be specified. m indicates the
location where display starts, and l indi-
cates the location where display ends.
The range specification is possible for the following regis-
ters.
$vN[m:l] Vector arithmetic register. The range is
from 0 to 255.
$vdN[m:l] Vector data register. The range is from 0 to
255.
$vc[m:l] Vector control register. The range is from 0
to 3.
$vmN[m:l] Vector mask register. The range is from 0 to
3.
If m or l is omitted, the range specification is as follows.
$vN[m:] from m to the end
$vN[:l] from the beginning to l
$vN[m] only m
$vN from the beginning to the end
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DBX(1-B) USER COMMANDS DBX(1-B)
Other Commands
help [item]
Displays the summary of the dbx command. If the item is
specified, the detail information on the command is
displayed.
quit Terminates dbx. The process during debugging also ter-
minates.
sh [command-line]
Sends the command entered in argument command-line to
the shell and executes it. The shell to be activated is
set to the SHELL environment variable. If the sh com-
mand is specified without arguments, the shell remains
activated.
source filename
Reads the dbx command described in file filename which
is specified in the argument and executes it.
NOTES
[The Floating-point data Format]
dbx for SX-4 can handle float0, float1 and float2 floating-
point data format. In general, if a special option is not
specified at compilation, an object program is generated
which handle a floating-point data format determined for
each system. Since dbx automatically identifies the float-
ing-point data format from object file, a user need not con-
sider it.
If a object file is mixed, (the each of source files were
compiled by float0 mode, float1 mode or float2 mode, and
linked by ld(1)) dbx handles the object program in the
default floating-point data format defined in the system.
If it does not suit, set a value to special debugger vari-
able $floatmode.
[core file]
In the SUPER-UX R7.1 or later, the core file name has changed
from 'core' (in the SUPER-UX R6.2 or earlier) to 'core.process-
ID'. If you want to analyze the core file, you must specify
a core file name explicitly on the command line.
FILES
a.out an object file
.dbxinit an initial command file
core a core dump file
NOTICE
- Please specify the -C debug option when compiling a pro-
gram with the f77(1) command.
f77(1) command treats the option -C debug as -Wf,"-NO -Nv
-Ni -d -g -stmtid".
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DBX(1-B) USER COMMANDS DBX(1-B)
- The following warnings apply to debug programs compiled
with the f77(1) command or the f77sx(1) command with fopp
preprocessor.
(1) The source file that dbx accesses with list or other
commands is not the source file specified at compilation
but the source file with a "v." prefix. In case of
f77(1) command specify -EO, f77sx(1) command speify -Nt
-fopp, cc(1) command specify -P.
(2) The file with a "v." prefix includes the source file
modified by the fopp preprocessor, and the line number
displayed by dbx is the line number of the file with a
"v." prefix. The line number used with stop at command
is also that of the file with a "v." prefix. Line num-
bers of the original source file are showed after 73
columns of each line in the file with a "v." prefix.
- The f77sx(1) command does not automatically degrade the
optimization level even if option -g is specified. Thus,
no executable statement is generated at the insertion to a
variable not referenced in the program, and a breakpoint
may be set to the next line. To degrade the optimization
level with f77sx(1), specify option -NO.
- If a program exception occurs, icc indicates the address
preceding by several instructions beyond the address at
which the exception occurs, since this uses advancing con-
trol of the CPU. Thus, the source line displayed by dbx
may not be the same as the one at which the exception
occurs. CPU advancing control is suppressed when a pro-
gram is executed by setting the debugger variable
$advanceoff. In this case, if a program exception
occurred, the value of icc points to the address of the
command following the command which caused the exception,
thus the correct source line is displayed. Note, however,
that program execution speed decreases when $advanceoff is
set.
- SUPER-UX provides the following two types of dbx.
(1) dbx executing in the 1MB paging mode(dbx.1m).
This type of dbx allows use of large memory for debug-
ging a large-scale program. dbx.1m is linked(ln) with
dbx as default at release.
(2) dbx executing in the 32KB paging mode(dbx.32k)
This type of dbx does not allow the use of large memory,
but its response speed is relatively high.
dbx.1m is advantageous for debugging a source program hav-
ing up to 4000 lines.
When an alias of csh(1) is used as shown below, which dbx
should be used is clarified to make good use of either
dbx.1m or dbx.32k.
% alias dbx.small dbx.32k
% alias dbx.large dbx.1m
dbx is installed in the directory /usr/bin, and this
directory must be set in the environment variable PATH.
SUPER-UX Last change: May 21, 1999 16
DBX(1-B) USER COMMANDS DBX(1-B)
SEE ALSO
cc(1)
CC(1) in SUPER-UX C++ Language Reference Manual
f77(1), f77sx(1) in SUPER-UX FORTRAN77/SX Language Reference Manual
f90(1) in SUPER-UX FORTRAN90/SX Language Reference Manual
SUPER-UX Last change: May 21, 1999 17
G1AB02E Programmer's Reference Manual