Chapter 4

Accounting

The SUPER-UX accounting utility reports the usage of the process, session, job and disk. With these reports you can optimize the system.

This chapter describes the data presented by the accounting utilities. In addition, refer to the SUPER-UX System Administrator's Guide for details on the accounting utilities.

4.1 PROCESS ACCOUNTING

SUPER-UX process accounting displays the following data on each process:

Process-ID
User-ID, group-ID, and account-ID of the process
Job-ID of the process
Beginning and elapsed time of the process
CPU time for the process (divided between user and system)
Amount of memory and peak memory size the process uses while running
Command name
Execution terminal ID
Session ID
RSG ID the process belongs to at the process termination
The number of transferred characters and read/write blocks
Process termination status
The number of instructions, vector instructions, vector elements, and vector instruction execution time
Time slice value, nice value
Base priority value, execution priority value, memory scheduling priority value
The number of times, the number of freed pages and the time that the process swapped out
MT open counts
FLOPS value
Device I/O blocks

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M/S flag shows whether the process is multitask or single task
The maximum number of tasks in the process
Command line image (depends on kernel configuration)

This data is written into the process accounting file depending on the kernel when the process terminates. See acct(2) and acct(4).

CPU resident time (depends on kernel configuration)
Distributed Parallel Program ID
Hardware check flag

The contents of the process accounting file may be examined using the acctcom(1) command, which reads the process accounting file, and then shows the information of the processes that fill the specified requirements.

The items shown by the acctcom are as follows:

PID
Process-ID
COMMAND NAME
Process command name preceded by a "#" if the string is executed with super-user privileges
USER
User name
GROUP
Group name
ACCTCODE
Account code
TTYNAME
Control terminal name
JOB ID
Job identification number
SESSION ID
Session ID of the process
RSG ID
The ID of RSG to which the process belongs at the termination
START TIME
Beginning time for process execution (hour:minute:second)
END TIME
Termination time for process execution (hour:minute:second)
REAL(SECS)
Elapsed time (in seconds)
REAL(MICROS)
Elapsed time (in micro seconds)
CPU(SECS) SYS
CPU time in the system mode (in seconds)

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CPU(SECS) USER
CPU time in the user mode (in seconds)
CPU(MICROS) SYS
CPU time in the system mode (in micro seconds)
CPU(MICROS) USER
CPU time in the user mode (in micro seconds)
CHARS TRANSFRD
The number of transferred characters
BLOCKS R/W
The number of blocks read/write
INSTRCT (K)
The number of execution instructions (in kilo-instructions)
VECTOR INSTRCT(K)
The number of execution vector instructions (in kilo-instructions)
VECTOR ELEMENT(K)
The number of total vector elements (in kilo-elements)
VEC-EXEC(SECS)
Execution time of vector instructions (in seconds)
VEC-EXEC(MICROS)
Execution time of vector instructions (in micro seconds)
NICE
Nice value
TIME SLICE
Time slice value.
BASE PRIORITY
Base priority
EXEC PRIORITY
Execution priority during termination
MEMORY PRIORITY
Memory scheduling priority
SWAP COUNTS
Number of times the process swapped out
SWAP SIZE
Number of freed pages the process swapped out
SWAP TIME
Time the process swapped out (in micro seconds)

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CPU FACTOR
The proportion of the user's CPU time to the total CPU time
HOG FACTOR
The proportion of the total CPU time to the elapsed time
MEAN SIZE
Average core size (unit KB)
KCORE MIN
Amount of KB segments of memory used by a process per minute of run time. This represents a cumulative measure of the amount of memory used with every timer interruption
MAXMEM SIZE
Peak memory size of process used (in KB)
MT-OPEN
Magnetic tape device open counts
FLOPS
FLOPS value
CONCURRENT FLOPS
Concurrent FLOPS value

I/O (BLOCKS)

DSK	I/O blocks of normal disk
ADK	I/O blocks of array disk
XMU	I/O blocks of XMU
MASSDPS	I/O blocks of MASS Data Processing System
SCD	I/O blocks of SCSI DISK
QT	1/4" CGMT I/O blocks
HCT	1/2" CGMT I/O blocks
DT	DAT I/O blocks
ET	8mm CGMT I/O blocks
MT	1/2" MT I/O blocks
SMT	SCSI MT I/O blocks
IMT	IMT I/O blocks
HMT	HIPPI MT I/O blocks

F
Fork/exec flag (1 for fork without exec)
STAT
Process termination status
M/S
M/S flag shows whether the process is multitask or single task
MAX NTASK
Maximum number of tasks in the process
COMMAND LINE
Command line image
CPU RESIDENT TM
CPU resident time
DPPGM-ID
Distributed Parallel Program ID
H/W CHECK
Hardware check flag

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The following is an example of an acctcom output.

PROCESS-ID 00012	JOB-ID 00012	COMMAND NAME: jb1   USER: user1   TTYNAME: ?
GROUP: group1   ACCTCODE: proj1
SESSION ID: 100		RSG ID: 1
START TIME: 03:11:58		END TIME: 03:19:02
REAL(SECS): 424.44		CPU(SECS) SYS: 25.66   USER: 17.89
REAL(MICROS): 424436825  	CPU(MICROS) SYS: 25663805   USER: 17897037
DPPGM-ID: 0
CPU FACTOR: 0.41  	HOG FACTOR: 0.10
MEAN SIZE(K): 282.10  	MAXMEM SIZE(K): 288.00
KCORE MIN: 204.78
CHARACTER TRANSFRD: 120844288  	BLOCK R/W: 4357
TIME SLICE: 200  	MEMORY PRIORITY: 20
NICE: 24   BASE PRIORITY: 0   EXEC PRIORITY: 20
SWAP COUNTS: 0   SWAP SIZE: 0   SWAP TIME: 0
EXECUTE INSTRUCT(K): 560876.06  VECTOR INSTRUCT(K): 0.00  VECTOR ELEMENT(K): 0.00
VEC-EXEC(MICROS): 41560 	FLOPS: 364.05
MT-OPEN COUNTS: 3
I/O BLOCKS    DSK: 23    ADK: 0    XMU: 0    MASSDPS: 0    SCD: 10
              QT: 10    HCT: 0    DT: 0    ET: 0    MT: 0    SMT: 0
              IMT: 0     HMT: 0
FORK/EXEC FLAG : 0              STATUS :   0
H/W CHECK: 0
MULTI/SINGLE: SINGLE
COMMAND LINE: jb1 abc
CPU RESIDENT TIME (SEC)
      >= 1:  17.89
CPU RESIDENT TIME (MICROSEC)
      >= 1:  17891287

PROCESS-ID 00013	JOB-ID 00000	COMMAND NAME: jb2   USER: user2   TTYNAME: ttyp3
GROUP: group2   ACCTCODE: proj2
SESSION ID: 101		RSG ID: 2
START TIME: 03:05:33		END TIME: 03:20:08
REAL(SECS):875.52		CPU(SECS) SYS: 9.35   USER: 0.32
REAL(MICROS):875517492		CPU(MICROS) SYS: 9351786   USER: 321898
DPPGM-ID: 3982
CPU FACTOR: 0.03  	HOG FACTOR: 0.01
MEAN SIZE(K): 252.11  	MAXMEM SIZE(K): 864.00
KCORE MIN: 40.63
CHARACTER TRANSFRD: 289  	BLOCK R/W: 560
TIME SLICE: 200  	MEMORY PRIORITY: 20
NICE:20   BASE PRIORITY: 0   EXEC PRIORITY: 63
SWAP COUNTS:0   SWAP SIZE: 0   SWAP TIME: 0
EXECUTE INSTRUCT(K): 4986.44  VECTOR INSTRUCT(K): 0.00  VECTOR ELEMENT(K): 0.00
VEC-EXEC(MICROS): 0 	FLOPS: 0.00
MT-OPEN COUNTS: 1
I/O BLOCKS    DSK: 5    ADK: 0    XMU: 3    MASSDPS: 0    SCD: 10
              QT: 10    HCT: 0    DT: 0    ET: 0    MT: 0    SMT: 0
              IMT: 0     HMT: 0
FORK/EXEC FLAG :0              STATUS :2
H/W CHECK: 0
MULTI/SINGLE: SINGLE
COMMAND LINE: jb2 -a -b c xyz
CPU RESIDENT TIME (SEC)
      >= 1:  0.30
      >= 2:  0.02
CPU RESIDENT TIME (MICROSEC)
      >= 1:  300345
      >= 2:  20014

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You can select processes to specify terminal name, user name, user ID, group name, group ID, account code, account ID, process beginning time, process termination time, command name, job ID, HOG FACTOR, CPU FACTOR, number of transferred characters and process ID.

The account utilities generate a daily report that shows the usage of system resources per day. There is a Command Summary that processes accounting summary information in a daily report. With this summary report, you can identify the most heavily used commands and, based on how those commands are used, you can gain insight on how to tune the system. The Command Summary reports the following:

COMMAND NAME
This is a command name. However, all shell procedures are lumped together under the name sh because only object modules are reported by process accounting.
NUMBER CMDS
The total number of executions of this command
TOTAL KCOREMIN
The total cumulative measurement of the amount of kilobyte segments of memory used by a process per minute of run time
TOTAL CPU-SEC
The total CPU time (in seconds) that this program has accumulated
TOTAL REAL-MIN
The total real-time (in minutes) that this program has accumulated
MEAN SIZE-K
This is the mean size of the TOTAL KCOREMIN over the number of invocations reflected by NUMBER CMDS.
MEAN CPU-SEC
This is the mean value of the CPU-SEC over the number of invocations reflected by NUMBER CMDS.
HOG FACTOR
This shows the ratio of system availability to system utilization and gives a relative measure of total available CPU time consumed by the process during its execution.
CHARS TRNSFD
This is a total count of the number of characters manipulated by the read and write system calls.
BLOCKS R/W
A total count of the physical block reads and writes that a process performed
MT-OPEN
This is the total magnetic tape device open counts of this command.
SWAP COUNTS
This is the total number of times the command processes swapped out.
SWAP PAGES
This is the total number of pages the command processes swapped out.

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SWAP TIMES
This is the total time the command processes swapped out.
INSTRUCT(K)
This is the total number of instructions this command executes.
VECTOR INSTRUCT(K)
This is the total number of vector instructions this command executes.
VECTOR ELEMENT(K)
This is the total number of vector elements this command executes.
VEC-EXEC(SECS)
This is the total execution time of vector instructions.
FLOPS
This is the total FLOPS value of this command.

I/O BLOCKS

DSK	I/O blocks of normal disk
ADK	I/O blocks of array disk
XMU	I/O blocks of XMU disk
MASSDPS	I/O blocks of MASS Data Processing System
SCD	I/O blocks of SCSI DISK
QT	I/O blocks of 1/4" CGMT
HCT	I/O blocks of 1/2" CGMT
DT	I/O blocks of DAT
ET	I/O blocks of 8mm CGMT
MT	I/O blocks of 1/2" MT
SMT	I/O blocks of SCSI TAPE
IMT	IMT I/O blocks
HMT	HIPPI MT I/O blocks

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The following is a sample of a Command Summary report.

TOTAL COMMAND SUMMARY

COMMAND NAME: TOTALS COUNTS: 3285 TOTAL-REAL: 22.18(MIN) MEAN-CPU(SEC): 0.02 TOTAL-CPU(USER/SYS): 0.38(SEC) / 60.51(SEC) TOTAL-KCOREMIN: 354.33 MEAN-SIZE(K): 379.15 HOG-FACTOR: 0.05 SWAP-COUNTS: 0 SWAP-PAGES: 0 SWAP-TIMES: 0.00(SEC) CHARS-TRNSFD: 207675744 BLOCK-R/W: 4472 MT-OPEN: 0 INSTRUCT(K): 67295.28 VECTOR-INSTRUCTS(K): 0.00 VECTOR-ELEMENTS(K): 0.00 VEC-EXEC(SECS): 0.00 FLOPS: 220109.30 I/O BLOCKS DSK: 7136 ADK: 0 XMU: 0 MASSDPS: 0 SCD: 20 QT: 0 HCT: 0 DT: 0 ET: 0 MT: 0 SMT: 0 IMT: 0 HMT: 0 COMMAND NAME: SH COUNTS: 3132 TOTAL-REAL: 16.91(MIN) MEAN-CPU(SEC): 0.02 TOTAL-CPU(USER/SYS): 0.00(SEC) / 51.74(SEC) TOTAL-KCOREMIN: 207.19 MEAN-SIZE(K): 240.29 HOG-FACTOR: 0.05 SWAP-COUNTS: 0 SWAP-PAGES: 0 SWAP-TIMES: 0.00(SEC) CHARS-TRNSFD: 54972 BLOCK-R/W: 2665 MT-OPEN: 0 INSTRUCT(K): 51025.28 VECTOR-INSTRUCTS(K): 0.00 VECTOR-ELEMENTS(K): 0.00 VEC-EXEC(SECS): 0.00 FLOPS: 75792.00 I/O BLOCKS DSK: 1102 ADK: 0 XMU: 0 MASSDPS: 0 SCD: 20 QT: 0 HCT: 0 DT: 0 ET: 0 MT: 0 SMT: 0 IMT: 0 HMT: 0 COMMAND NAME: sadc COUNTS: 77 TOTAL-REAL: 5.21(MIN) MEAN-CPU(SEC): 0.11 TOTAL-CPU(USER/SYS): 0.38(SEC) / 7.97(SEC) TOTAL-KCOREMIN: 145.10 MEAN-SIZE(K): 1042.03 HOG-FACTOR: 0.03 SWAP-COUNTS: 0 SWAP-PAGES: 0 SWAP-TIMES: 0.00(SEC) CHARS-TRNSFD: 207620650 BLOCK-R/W: 1639 MT-OPEN: 0 INSTRUCT(K): 14117.84 VECTOR-INSTRUCTS(K): 0.00 VECTOR-ELEMENTS(K): 0.00 VEC-EXEC(SECS): 0.00 FLOPS: 14758.46 I/O BLOCKS DSK: 1702 ADK: 0 XMU: 0 MASSDPS: 0 SCD: 2 QT: 0 HCT: 0 DT: 0 ET: 0 MT: 0 SMT: 0 IMT: 0 HMT: 0 COMMAND NAME: date COUNTS: 76 TOTAL-REAL: 0.06(MIN) MEAN-CPU(SEC): 0.01 TOTAL-CPU(USER/SYS): 0.00(SEC) / 0.80(SEC) TOTAL-KCOREMIN: 2.04 MEAN-SIZE(K): 152.80 HOG-FACTOR: 0.22 SWAP-COUNTS: 0 SWAP-PAGES: 0 SWAP-TIMES: 0.00(SEC) CHARS-TRNSFD: 228 BLOCK-R/W: 168 MT-OPEN: 0 INSTRUCT(K): 2152.16 VECTOR-INSTRUCTS(K): 0.00 VECTOR-ELEMENTS(K): 0.00 VEC-EXEC(SECS): 0.00 FLOPS: 3268.00 I/O BLOCKS DSK: 1090 ADK: 0 XMU: 0 MASSDPS: 0 SCD: 0 QT: 0 HCT: 0 DT: 0 ET: 0 MT: 0 SMT: 0 IMT: 0 HMT: 0

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4.2 JOB ACCOUNTING

The data based on job accounting is generated by NQS. acctjob(1M), supported in accounting utilities, represents a report listed by job information generated by NQS. The items output from acctjob are as follows:

JOB ID
The job-ID
REQUEST NAME
NQS request name
REQUEST ID
NQS request ID
USER NAME
User name that submitted the request (job)
HOST NAME
Host name that submitted the request (job)
GROUP NAME
Group name that submitted the request (job)
ACCTCODE
Account code that submitted the request (job)
QUEUE NAME
Queue name that submitted the request (job)
INQUE PRIORITY
Intraqueue priority
NICE
Nice value
BASE PRIORITY
Base priority
TIME SLICE
Time slice value
REQUEST TIME
Request (job) submission time
START TIME
Request (job) execution beginning time
END TIME
Request (job) execution termination time
WAIT TIME
Waiting time from scheduling starting user specified until execution beginning

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STATUS
Job termination code
EXIT STATUS
Job termination code (detail)
H/W CHECK
Hardware check flag
SYS/USER CPU TIME(SECS)
System mode/user mode separate CPU usage time (in seconds)
SYS/USER CPU TIME(MICROS)
System mode/user mode separate CPU usage time (ms)
REAL TIME(SECS)
Elapsed time from execution beginning until execution termination (in seconds)
REAL TIME(MICROS)
Elapsed time from execution beginning until execution termination (ms)

If processing accounting is enabled, you can output the following items.

KCORE MIN
Total core size (KB x minutes)
MEAN SIZE
Mean core size (KB)
MAXMEM SIZE(K)
Maximum core size (KB)
CHARACTER TRANSFRD
Character transferred
BLOCK R/W
Block count read and written
EXECUTE INSTRUCT(K)
The number of execution instructions (in kilo-instructions)
VECTOR INSTRUCT(K)
The number of vector instructions (in kilo-instructions)
VECTOR ELEMENT(K)
The number of vector elements (in kilo-elements)
EXECUTE INSTRUCT
The number of execution instructions
VECTOR INSTRUCT
The number of vector instructions
VECTOR ELEMENT
The number of vector elements

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VEC-EXEC(SECS)
Execution time of vector instructions (in seconds)
VEC-EXEC(MICROS)
Execution time of vector instructions (in ms)
FLOPS
FLOPS value
CONCURRENT FLOPS
Concurrent FLOPS value
FPEC
Floating-point data execution element count
CMCC
Cache miss/hit time (in ms)
BCCC
Bank conflict time (in ms)
MT-OPEN COUNTS
Magnetic tape device open count
I/O BLOCKS
I/O blocks (4096 bytes/block)
NUMBER OF PROC
The number of processes
MULTI/SINGLE
Multitask or single task flag
MAX NPROC
Maximum process count

A Job Summary report is included as the job account summary information per queue in the daily report. The following information is reported:

QUE NAME
Queue name
NUMBER REQ
The number of requests submitted into queue
NUMBER EXEC
The number of jobs executed
TOTAL CPU-MIN
Total CPU time required, in minutes, for the job submitted to the queue
TOTAL REAL-MIN
Total elapsed time in minutes of the job submitted to the queue
TOTAL WAIT-MIN
Total wait time in minutes of the job submitted to the queue

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The following is an example of an acctjob command.

    JOB-ID: 00017     REQUEST NAME: go_p1
    REQUEST ID: 1470.fasx3
    USER NAME: sakon          HOST NAME: fasx3
    ACCTCODE: A
    QUEUE NAME: sw5m
    NICE: 0       BASE PRIORITY: 60    TIME SLICE: 5000
    INQUE PRIORITY: 31
    REQUEST TIME: Oct 1 10:19:13
    START TIME: Oct 1 10:19:13
    END TIME: Oct 1 10:19:30
    WAIT TIME: 0 (seconds)
    EXIT STATUS: Normal termination [0]
    H/W CHECK: 1

    TOTAL

    SYS CPU TIME(SECS): 0.70        USER CPU TIME(SECS): 30.28
    SYS CPU TIME(MICROS): 696087.00       USER CPU TIME(MICROS): 30280922.00
    REAL TIME(SECS): 17.29
    REAL TIME(MICROS): 17291356.00
    KCORE MIN: 13069.14      MEAN SIZE: 25372.86
    MAXMEM SIZE(K): 51232
    CHARACTER TRANSFRD: 1982583     BLOCK R/W: 932
    EXECUTE INSTRUCT: 307302247     VECTOR INSTRUCT: 81534668
    VECTOR ELEMENT: 11500286881
    VEC-EXEC(SECS): 5.01   VEC-EXEC(MICROS): 5009451    FLOPS: 152042831.34
    FPEC: 4601787478       CMCC(MICROS): 3711202    BCCC(MICROS): 2025
    MT-OPEN COUNTS: 0
    I/O BLOCKS DSK: 0      ADK: 0      XMU: 0      MASSDPS: 0      SCD: 10
               QT: 0      HCT: 0      DT: 0      ET: 0      MT: 0      SMT: 0
               IMT: 0      HMT: 0
    NUMBER OF PROC: 3
    MAX NPROC: 2
    MULTI/SINGLE: MULTITASK

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4.3 SESSION ACCOUNTING

In SUPER-UX, session connect information is provided by the init, login, and remote login daemons that write login/logoff data into the /var/sx/adm/wtmp[x] file. System reboot, shutdown, date change, run level, and accounting information are also written into the /var/sx/adm/wtmp[x] file.

Accounting utilities look over the /var/sx/adm/wtmp[x] file and create a report line in the Daily Report (see the example that follows). First, the frequency of system reboots and other events cycle until the time current accounting report is generated. Next, it reports the line utilization.

Line utilization reports the following items:

LINE
Terminal name
MINUTES
Total connected time (minutes) of that terminal
PERCENT
Percentage of connected time in multiuser mode (TOTAL DURATION)
# SESS
The number of times this line was accessed for login session
# ON
The number of times that the line was used to log on a user
# OFF
The number of times that a user logs off and line is left open

The following is an example of a daily report.

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 Feb 23 02:14 1991  DAILY REPORT FOR SUPER-UX Page 1

 from Wed Feb 20 20:58:34 1991
 to Sat Feb 23 02:14:09 1991
 31 run-level 0
 12 acctg off
 30 run-level S
 18 system boot
 10 run-level 2
 1 runacct
 1 acctcon1

 TOTAL DURATION IS 168 MINUTES

 LINE    MINUTES   PERCENT   # SESS     #ON     #OFF
 pts/0       158        94        1       1        1
 pts/1       159        95        1       1        1
 pts/2       156        93        3       3        7
 pts/3       155        92        3       3        5
 pts/4       157        93        2       2        3
 pts/5       151        90        3       3        6
 pts/6       153        91        1       1        1
 pts/7       153        91        1       1        1
 pts/8       143        85        2       2        3
 pts/9       147        88        2       2        3
 pts/10      144        86        1       1        1
 pts/11      135        80        2       2        3
 pts/12      136        81        1       1        1
 pts/13      132        79        2       2        3
 pts/14      131        78        1       1        1
 pts/15      129        77        1       1        1
 pts/16      119        71        4       4        9
 pts/17      125        75        1       1        1
 pts/18      126        75        1       1        1
 pts/19      126        75        1       1        1
 pts/20      125        74        1       1        1
 pts/21      123        74        2       2        3
 pts/22      124        74        1       1        1
 pts/23      121        72        1       1        1
 pts/24       95        57        6       6       12
 pts/25      120        72        1       1        1

 TOTALS     3544        --       46      46       72

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4.4 DISK ACCOUNTING

Disk accounting counts the number of disk blocks used by your files. With this data, you can monitor disk usage and see how file system maintenance is being used.

Disk accounting reports the number of used blocks per user and optionally per group in every file system. The contents are as follows:

DNO
Device number of the logical disk partition
LOGIN
User name
GROUP
Group name
DISK
The number of disk used blocks per user (1 block = 1024 bytes)

4.5 FILE TRANSFER ACCOUNTING

Using file transfer accounting, you can observe the following data file transfer activity.

User name
Group name
Account code
File transfer application (ftp, ftpd, rcp) and transfer direction (IN/OUT)
Remote host ID
Beginning and elapsed time of the file transfer
Transfer byte counts
Exit status
Transferred file name

This data is written into the file transfer accounting file (see nwacct(4)) by the file transfer command (ftp, ftpd, rcp).

The contents of the file transfer accounting file may be examined using the acctnet(1) command. The acctnet command reads the file transfer accounting file and then shows the following items.

USER
User name
GROUP
Group name

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ACCTCODE
Account code
APPL
Application
START TIME
Beginning time for the transfer (hour:minute:second)
END TIME
Termination time for the transfer (hour:minute:second)
REAL(SECS)
Elapsed time (in seconds)
TRANSFER (BYTES)
Transferred byte counts
SPEED (KB/s)
Transfer speed (in KB/second)
ST
Exit status, 0 for normal termination, otherwise errno
REMOTE HOST
Remote host name

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